\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
    % 节点样式：蓝色填充圆+白色文字
    node_style/.style={rectangle, fill=blue, text=white, font=\tiny, minimum size=6pt, inner sep=0pt},
    % 连线样式：按颜色区分
    cyan_line/.style={cyan, thick},
    red_line/.style={red, thick},
    black_line/.style={black, thin},
    red_dot/.style={red, dashed}, % 最粗的红色连线
    black_dot/.style={black, dashed}
]

% ========== 定义所有节点（极坐标：角度:半径，中心在(0,0)） ==========

% 最内圈
\node[node_style] (e)     at (120:1)    {$e$};
\node[node_style] (M12)   at (60:1)    {(1,2)};
\node[node_style] (M123)  at (0:1)    {(1,2,3)};
\node[node_style] (M13)   at (180:1)   {(1,3)};
\node[node_style] (M132)  at (240:1) {(1,3,2)};
\node[node_style] (M23)   at (300:1)  {(2,3)};

% 第二圈
\node[node_style] (M14)   at (120:2)   {(1,4)};
\node[node_style] (M124)  at (60:2)    {(1,2,4)};
\node[node_style] (M1234) at (0:2)    {(1,2,3,4)};
\node[node_style] (M14M23)at (300:2)    {(1,4)(2,3)};
\node[node_style] (M1324) at (240:2)    {(1,3,2,4)};
\node[node_style] (M134)  at (180:2)   {(1,3,4)};

% 第三圈


% 第一象限
\node[node_style] (M24)   at (79.2:2.65)  {(2,4)};
\node[node_style] (M1243) at (40.8:2.65)  {(1,2,4,3)};
\node[node_style] (M12M34)at (19.2:2.65)    {(1,2)(3,4)};

% 第四象限
\node[node_style] (M234)  at (340:2.65)  {(2,3,4)};
\node[node_style] (M1423) at (319.2:2.65)  {(1,4,2,3)};
\node[node_style] (M1432) at (280:2.65)  {(1,4,3,2)};

% 第三象限
\node[node_style] (M243)  at (259.2:2.65)  {(2,4,3)};
\node[node_style] (M13M24)at (220.8:2.65)   {(1,3)(2,4)};
\node[node_style] (M1342) at (199.2:2.65)    {(1,3,4,2)};

% 第二象限
\node[node_style] (M34)   at (160:2.65)   {(3,4)};
\node[node_style] (M143)  at (139.2:2.65) {(1,4,3)};
\node[node_style] (M142)  at (100:2.65)  {(1,4,2)};

% ========== 绘制连线（按图中颜色） ==========

% 内圈
\draw[black_line] (e) -- (M12);
\draw[red_line] (e) -- (M13);
\draw[red_line] (M12) -- (M123);
\draw[black_line] (M23) -- (M123);
\draw[red_line] (M23) -- (M132);
\draw[black_line] (M13) -- (M132);

% 第二圈蓝线
\draw[cyan_line] (e) -- (M14);
\draw[cyan_line] (M124) -- (M12);
\draw[cyan_line] (M23) -- (M14M23);
\draw[cyan_line] (M1324) -- (M132);
\draw[cyan_line] (M123) -- (M1234);
\draw[cyan_line] (M13) -- (M134);

% 第二圈到最外圈的红黑双线

\draw[black_line] (M142) -- (M14);
\draw[red_line] (M143) -- (M14);

\draw[red_line] (M134) -- (M34);
\draw[black_line] (M134) -- (M1342);

\draw[black_line] (M13M24) -- (M1324);
\draw[red_line] (M243) -- (M1324);

\draw[black_line] (M14M23) -- (M1423);
\draw[red_line] (M14M23) -- (M1432);


\draw[black_line] (M234) -- (M1234);
\draw[red_line] (M12M34) -- (M1234);

\draw[black_line] (M24) -- (M124);
\draw[red_line] (M1243) -- (M124);
% 最长的六根线
\draw[red_dot] (M1342) -- (M234); 
\draw[red_dot] (M142) -- (M1423); 
\draw[red_dot] (M24) -- (M13M24); 

\draw[black_dot] (M34) -- (M12M34); 
\draw[black_dot] (M143) -- (M1432); 
\draw[black_dot] (M1243) -- (M243); 
% 最外圈的蓝色线条

\draw[cyan_line] (M142) -- (M24);
\draw[cyan_line] (M243) -- (M1432);
\draw[cyan_line] (M1243) -- (M12M34);
\draw[cyan_line] (M234) -- (M1423);
\draw[cyan_line] (M13M24) -- (M1342);
\draw[cyan_line] (M34) -- (M143);
% 未处理线条

















\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}